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References

Reference Details

Citation
Krug et al 2021
Author
Krug, J., Lemiux, P.M., Lee, C-W., Ryan, J.V., Kariher, P., Shields, E., Wickersham, L., Denison, M., Davis, K., Swensen, D., Burnette, R., Wendt, J.O.L., and Linak, W.P.
Title
Combustion of C1 and C2 PFAS: Kinetic Modeling and Experiments
Source
38th International Conference on Thermal Treatment Technologies and Hazardous Waste Combustors
Publication Year
2021
Reference Category
Primary Sources
Reference Type
Non-Peer Reviewed, Conference/Symposium Proceedings
Source Details
Paper #IT3‐04; January 27‐28, 2021, Virtual Meeting
Non-Targeted Analysis Flag
No

Scope

Open Scope
Treatment Process
Scale
Matrix
Matrix DetailScope Detail
Open ScopeIncinerationPilotOtherPure PFASDestruction efficiency of 3 gaseous PFAS (CF4, CHF3, C2F6) injected at various ports (Tables 2 and 2a); residual concentrations of PFAS and various other combustion products under same condtions (Table 3)

Condition

Open Condition
Scope
Temperature (°C)
Treatment Time
Condition Details
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS20717.4 secondAt flame. The model assumed an initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS10905 secondPort 4. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS9634.2 secondPort 8. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS9253.6 secondPort 10. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS9003.3 secondPort 11. Temperature is modeled. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS8313 secondPort 12. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry. For example, CHF3 introduced at Port 12, was exposed to peak temperatures of ~830 °C (1526 °F) before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 ~3 sec later.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS12007 secondInjected at port 1; temperature and treatment time is estimated based on Figure 2. CF4 injected through the natural gas or combustion air at 64 kW furnace load.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other: Pure PFAS12356.3 secondInjected at port 2; temperature and treatment time is estimated based on Figure 2. CF4 injected through the natural gas or combustion air at 64 kW furnace load.

Thermal Treatment Results

Link to Results Record
Analyte
Scope
Condition
Effectiveness (%)
Initial Concentration
Post Concentration
Offgas Concentration
Additional Details
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 1200 °C | 7 second 70.8% Table 2a.
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 1200 °C | 7 second 80.4% Table 2a.
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 1235 °C | 6.3 second 94.2% Table 2a.
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 1235 °C | 6.3 second 87.4% Table 2a.
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 2071 °C | 7.4 second 58% Table 2.
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other 900 °C | 3.3 second 13.9% Table 2.
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other 1090 °C | 5 second >99% Table 2. Measured FTIR concentration was not 3x higher than residual indicating very little of the compound remaining.
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other 2071 °C | 7.4 second >99% Table 2. Measured FTIR concentration was not 3x higher than residual indicating very little of the compound remaining.
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other 831 °C | 3 second ≈0% Table 2. Due to measurement uncertainty, the calculated DE was slightly negative.
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other 925 °C | 3.6 second 19.7% Table 2.
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other 963 °C | 4.2 second 71.4% Table 2.
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other 1090 °C | 5 second >99% Table 2. Measured FTIR concentration was not 3x higher than residual indicating very little of the compound remaining.
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other 831 °C | 3 second 94.1% Table 2.
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other 925 °C | 3.6 second >99% Table 2. Measured FTIR concentration was not 3x higher than residual indicating very little of the compound remaining.
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Last updated on October 15, 2024.