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Reference Details

Citation
Krug et al 2022
Author
Krug, J. D., Lemieux, P. M., Lee, C. W., Ryan, J. V., Kariher, P. H., Shields, E. P., ... and Linak, W. P.
Title
Combustion of C1 and C2 PFAS: Kinetic modeling and experiments
Source
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
Publication Year
2022
Reference Category
Primary Sources
Reference Type
Peer Reviewed Journals
Source Details
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.2021317
DOI
10.1080/10962247.2021.2021317Exit
Non-Targeted Analysis Flag
No
Notes
Results include experimental pilot-scale destruction efficiency of three PFAS during direct flame and post-flame injection; also quantifies products of incomplete combustion. Experimental procedure mirrors Krug et al 2021 (also in this database).

Scope

Open ScopeMatrix DetailScope Detail
Open ScopeIncinerationPilotOtherDestruction efficiency of 3 gaseous PFAS (CF4, CHF3, C2F6) injected at various ports (Tables 2 and 3); residual concentrations of PFAS and various other combustion products under same conditions (Table 3)

Condition

Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other20717.4 secondAt flame; Natural Gas Port; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other11005 secondPort 4; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other9504.2 secondPort 8; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other9003.6 secondPort 10; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other8753.3 secondPort 11; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other8253 secondPort 12; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other20717.4 secondAt flame; Natural Gas Port; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other20717.4 secondAt flame; Natural Gas Port; 64 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other13005 secondPort 4; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other10805 secondPort 6; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other10504.2 secondPort 8; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other9303.6 secondPort 10; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.
Open ConditionIncineration | Pilot | Other8503 secondPort 12; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assumes initial adiabatic flame temperature (2071 °C) and a linear temperature decay to Port 1. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or combustion air (t=0 sec) experience the full temperature profile (Figure 3) and flame chemistry before being analyzed by FTIR at Port 18 (t~7.4 sec). However, PFAS introduced at Ports 4‐12 experienced reduced temperatures, residence times, and exposure to flame chemistry.

Thermal Treatment Results

CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other1050 °C | 4.2 second 11.7%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other1080 °C | 5 second 12.9%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other1300 °C | 5 second 13.7%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second 58.5%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second 82.6% At combust air port; conditions likely similar to Natural Gas port (perhaps slightly reduced temp and exposure time)
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second 89.5%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second 88.7% At combust air port; conditions likely similar to natural gas port (perhaps slightly reduced temp and exposure time).
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second 94.9%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other875 °C | 3.3 second 8.2%
CF4Incineration | Pilot | Other930 °C | 3.6 second 12.5%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other1050 °C | 4.2 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other1080 °C | 5 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other1100 °C | 5 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other1300 °C | 5 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second >99% At combust air port; conditions likely similar to Natural Gas port (perhaps slightly reduced temp and exposure time)
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other825 °C | 3 second ≈0% Due to measurement uncertainty, the calculated DE was slightly negative
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other850 °C | 3 second 86.2%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other900 °C | 3.6 second 25.5%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other930 °C | 3.6 second >99%
C2F6Incineration | Pilot | Other950 °C | 4.2 second 78.2%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other1050 °C | 4.2 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other1080 °C | 5 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other1100 °C | 5 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other1300 °C | 5 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second >99% At combust air port; conditions likely similar to Natural Gas port (perhaps slightly reduced temp and exposure time)
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other2071 °C | 7.4 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other825 °C | 3 second 94.3%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other850 °C | 3 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other900 °C | 3.6 second >99%
CHF3Incineration | Pilot | Other930 °C | 3.6 second >99%