References

Citation: Awad et al 2021
Author: Awad, R., Johann Bolinius, D., Strandberg, J., Yang, J. J., Sandberg, J., Adeoye Bello, M., and Gobelius, L.
Title: PFAS in waste residuals from Swedish incineration plants: A systematic investigation
Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
Publication Year: 2021
Reference Category: Primary Sources
Reference Type: Non-Peer Reviewed, Non-Government Reports (Includes Books and Book Chapters)
Source Details: https://www.ivl.se/english/ivl/publications/publications/pfas-in-waste-residuals-from-swedish-incineration-plants.html
Non-Targeted Analysis Flag: No
Notes: Results (summary statistics only) from sampling fly ash, bottom ash, and condensate water from 27 household and industrial waste incineration plants. Concludes that "...high incineration temperatures or a high proportion of a particular type of waste did not guarantee low concentrations of PFAS."

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Open Scope	Treatment Process	Scale	Matrix	Matrix Detail	Scope Detail
Open Scope	Incineration	Full	Other	Household and industrial waste	Summary statistics for total PFAS, plus a few other target compounds, in fly ash, bottom ash, and condensate water. Additional data for groups of compounds (e.g., PFCAs and PFSAs) are available in Table 1 and Section 3, but not recorded here.

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Open Condition	Scope	Temperature (°C)	Treatment Time	Condition Details
Open Condition	Incineration \| Full \| Other: Household and industrial waste	850		Furnace Temp was between 850– 1125 °C. No treatment time listed.

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Analyte	Scope	Condition	Post Concentration	Additional Details
FtS 6:2	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	Concentrations in eight pooled fly ash samples from 0.57 to 19.67 µg/kg
FtS 6:2	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	Concentrations of 0.94 to 1.28 ug/kg in 4 bottom ash samples.
FtS 8:2	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	0.21 µg/kg	Detected in one pooled fly ash sample.
PFHxA	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	Concentrations in four pooled bottom ash samples between 0.22 to 0.39 ug/kg.
PFOS	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	Concentration of 3.44 to 3.74 µg/kg in 2 fly ash samples
Total PFAS	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	27 PFAS chemicals in pooled fly ash samples from 15 furnaces; Concentrations from 0.18 to 37.71 ug/kg
Total PFAS	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	27 PFAS chemicals in pooled bottom ash samples from 9 furnaces; Concentrations from 0.22 to 12.76 ug/kg
Total PFAS	Incineration \| Full \| Other	850 °C	µg/kg	27 PFAS chemicals in pooled condensate water samples from 13 furnaces; Concentrations from 0.28 to 182.95 ug/kg

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