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EPA Home
Condition
Thermal treatment in closed air system; Treatment ...Xiao et al 2020
Thermal treatment in open system under flow of car...Xiao et al 2020
Sorengard et al 2020
With addition of calcium hydroxideZhang et al 2021
Zhang et al 2021
Thermal treatment under flow of nitrogen (200 mL/m...Xiao et al 2020
Alinezhad et al 2022
Treatment time represents amount of time spent at ...Feng et al 2016
Zhang et al 2021b
Reaction conditions: AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 5 M N...Strathmann et al 2020
Suhnholz et al 2018
Time unspecifiedXiao et al 2021a
Thermal treatment under flow of carbon dioxide (20...Xiao et al 2020
Dirani et al 2022
DiGuiseppi 2019
15 weight percent solid sludge slurryYu et al 2020
Yu et al 2020
Biochar from sewage sludgeKim et al 2015
Zhang et al 2020
AFFF transformation examinationGrenier 2023
sludge + Ca(OH)2 + PFOS samples (Ca/F molar ratio ...Wang et al 2013
Co treated with Co(OH)2Wang et al 2015b
PFOS + Ca(OH)2 samples with Ca/F molar ratio of 1:...Wang et al 2011
Crownover et al 2019
Zhang et al 2022
Data presented in Figure 3Zhang et al 2020
Addition of ~5 mmol Ca(OH)2Zhang et al 2021b
PFAS treated with 1 M KOHZhang et al 2020
Treatment with calcium oxide; ~20 seconds total no...Riedel et al 2021
Treatment without calcium oxide; ~20 seconds total...Riedel et al 2021
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Fe(0) (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaClO4 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaOH (1 mol/L) in wat...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS thermal treatment with Ca(OH)2.Wang et al 2015b
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1 mol/L KMnO4 amendment co...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF formulation 1 dilution factor 1-to-2; Reactio...Strathmann et al 2020
Treatment: Hydrothermal liquefaction Environmental...Longendyke et al 2022
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Zn (1 mol/L) in water...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaBH4 (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment HCl (1 mol/L) in wate...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment HNO3 (1 mol/L) in wat...Wu et al 2019b
5 mol/L NaOH amendmentStrathmann et al 2020
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2S2O4 (1 mol/L) in ...Wu et al 2019b
No metal additiveHori et al 2006
the pilot test was conducted at 350°C for 8 days b...Hatton et al 2019
Copper addedHori et al 2006
Control: only PFOS (50 mg/L) in water at 350 °C fo...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2S2O8 (1 mol/L) in ...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1 mol/L Na2SO3 amendment c...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1 mol/L NaBH4 amendment co...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 5 mol/L NaOH amendment con...Strathmann et al 2020
5 mol/L NaOH amendment; 0.5 g of each soil were ad...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1 mol/L Ca(OH)2 amendment ...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF formulation 2 dilution factor 1-to-1000; Reac...Strathmann et al 2020
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2S2O3 (1 mol/L) in ...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF formulation 1 dilution factor 1-to-4; Reactio...Strathmann et al 2020
Iron addedHori et al 2006
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaNO3 (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF formulation 1 dilution factor 1-to-10; Reacti...Strathmann et al 2020
Addition of 0.1 M of NaOH; Treatment time interpol...Pinkard et al 2023
Addition of 1 M of NaOH; Treatment time interpolat...Pinkard et al 2023
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment H2O2 (1 mol/L) in wat...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaClO3 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
Zinc addedHori et al 2006
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2S2O5 (1 mol/L) in ...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2CO3 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment K2FeO4 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
Reaction conditions: PFOS (50 mg/L) and NaOH amend...Wu et al 2019b
Control reaction was 1-to-1000 AFFF in unamended w...Strathmann et al 2020
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment FeSO4 (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1M NaOH reaction for 15 mi...Strathmann et al 2020
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Ni (1 mol/L) in water...Wu et al 2019b
Aluminum addedHori et al 2006
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Na2SO3 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Kl (1 mol/L) in water...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaClO (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Ca(OH)2 (1 mol/L) in ...Wu et al 2019b
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment H2SO4 (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 0.1M NaOH reaction for 15 ...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 5M NaOH reaction for 15 mi...Strathmann et al 2020
AFFF formulation 1 dilution factor 1-to-1000; Reac...Strathmann et al 2020
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment K2CrO4 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
Addition of 5 M of NaOH; Treatment time interpolat...Pinkard et al 2023
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment KMnO4 (1 mol/L) in wa...Wu et al 2019b
AFFF diluted 1-to-1000, 1 mol/L NaOH amendment con...Strathmann et al 2020
Subcritical water matrixHori et al 2008
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment NaHSO5 (1 mol/L) in w...Wu et al 2019b
The pilot test was conducted at 350°C for 8 days b...Hatton et al 2019
PFOS (50 mg/L) and amendment Nano Fe (0) (1 mol/L)...Wu et al 2019b
Supercritical water matrixHori et al 2008
To study the kinetics of PFOS thermal decompositio...Weber et al 2021
PFOS + Ca(OH)2 samples with Ca/F molar ratio of 1....Wang et al 2011
PFOS + Ca(OH)2 samples with Ca/F molar ratio of 0....Wang et al 2011
sludge + PFOS + Ca(OH)2 samples (Ca/F molar ratio ...Wang et al 2013
Co-treated with CaOWang et al 2015b
Co treatment of PFOS and PFHxS with Ca(OH)2Wang et al 2015b
FTS transformation examinationGrenier 2023
Co treatment of PFOS, PFOA and FOSA with Ca(OH)2Wang et al 2015b
Reactor pressure = 25 MpaLi et al 2023
Pinkard et al 2021
Zero time is the point at which the furnace reache...Pinkard et al 2021
Treatment time does not include crucible heating t...Challa et al 2022
Time estimated from text on pg. 757. Temperature i...Ellis et al 2003
Barranco et al 2020
Co treatment with Ca(CO3)2Wang et al 2015b
Co treated with CaOWang et al 2015b
Duration not listedBarranco et al 2020
Samples purged with argon; Heated at 10 to 15 degr...Mcnamara et al 2023
Bamdad et al 2022
Ochi et al 2008
As stated from Figure 2. A Combined model predicti...Weber et al 2022
Treatment: Thermal desorption. Environmental media...Longendyke et al 2022
Pressure (MPa): 24; Oxidizer: Air; Alkaline trea...Krause et al 2022
Pressure (MPa): CBI; Oxidizer: CBI; Alkaline treat...Krause et al 2022
Treatment time is not listedBioforcetech 2019
Pressure (MPa): CBI; Oxidizer: Air; Alkaline Tre...Krause et al 2022
Treatment: Pyrolysis and gasification. Environment...Longendyke et al 2022
15 g GAC/kg soil; air flux = 5 cm/s; smoldering ve...Duchesne et al 2020
Temperatures measured at the front and back of the...Thoma et al 2022
Temperature ranged from 480 to 650Lazcano et al 2019
Heated in steamed environment in quartz tubeWatanabe et al 2018
Heated in nitrogen gas environment in quartz tubeWatanabe et al 2018
Treatment time representative of time in furnace; ...Watanabe et al 2016
Heated in steamed environment with NaOH added in q...Watanabe et al 2018
Heated in steamed environment with added NaOHWatanabe et al 2018
Port 12; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assum...Krug et al 2022
Port 12. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or c...Krug et al 2021
Study looks at degradation efficiency over 120 sec...Sun et al 2024
Study looks at degradation efficiency at 60 second...Sun et al 2024
Regulatory minimum for waste incineration processi...Arkenbout 2018
Port 12; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assum...Krug et al 2022
Furnace Temp was between 850– 1125 °C. No treatmen...Awad et al 2021
Treatment time not reported; temperature reflects ...Liu et al 2021
Run 1-NA Blank sample; Condition details from Tabl...Lemieux et al 2007
Aleksandrov et al 2019
Port 11; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assum...Krug et al 2022
Javahaerian 2016
Treatment: Smoldering combustion Environmental med...Longendyke et al 2022
Port 10; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assum...Krug et al 2022
Port 11. Temperature is modeled. PFAS introduced w...Krug et al 2021
Treatment: Incineration. Environmental media: Soi...Longendyke et al 2022
43 g GAC/kg sand matrix; air flux = 5 cm/s; moistu...Major 2019
Port 10. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or c...Krug et al 2021
Port 10; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assum...Krug et al 2022
Davis 2020
39 g GAC/kg sand matrix; air flux = 5 cm/s; moistu...Major 2019
Port 8; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assume...Krug et al 2022
Run 2-untreated carpet; Condition details from Tab...Lemieux et al 2007
Port 8. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or co...Krug et al 2021
Run 4-carpet treated with stain resistant coating;...Lemieux et al 2007
Run 3-carpet treated with stain resistant coating;...Lemieux et al 2007
Run 6-zonyl doped carpet; Condition details from T...Lemieux et al 2007
Run 5-untreated carpet; Condition details from Tab...Lemieux et al 2007
13% exhaust O2, 10% exhaust H2OTaylor et al 2014
46 g GAC/kg sand; air flux = 5 cm/s; smoldering ve...Duchesne et al 2020
51 g GAC/kg soil; air flux = 5 cm/s; smoldering ve...Duchesne et al 2020
48 g GAC/kg soil; air flux = 5 cm/s; moisture cont...Major 2019
44 g GAC/kg sand; air flux = 5 cm/s; smoldering ve...Duchesne et al 2020
Port 8; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assume...Krug et al 2022
50 g GAC/kg soil; air flux = 5 cm/s; moisture cont...Major 2019
Port 6; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assume...Krug et al 2022
Port 4. PFAS introduced with the natural gas or co...Krug et al 2021
Treatment temperature is approximate; treatment ti...Endpoint undated
50 g GAC/kg soil; air flux = 5 cm/s; smoldering ve...Duchesne et al 2020
Temperature converted from Fahrenheit; Treatment t...DiStefano et al 2022
Port 4; 40 kW loading experiment; The model assume...Krug et al 2022
Two furnaces. Primary furnace: 1100C; Secondary fu...Japan Environment 2013
Injected at port 1; temperature and treatment tim...Krug et al 2021
Injected at port 2; temperature and treatment time...Krug et al 2021
Port 4; 45 kW loading experiment; The model assume...Krug et al 2022
At flame; Natural Gas Port; 64 kW loading experime...Krug et al 2022
At flame; Natural Gas Port; 40 kW loading experime...Krug et al 2022
At flame; Natural Gas Port; 45 kW loading experime...Krug et al 2022
At flame. The model assumed an initial adiabatic f...Krug et al 2021
Temperature not listed; Table 4-25 DT2A-2Barranco et al 2020
No incineration temperature or time givenLoganathan et al 2007
Thermal experiments were conducted at non-flame re...Yamada et al 2005
Treatment temperature not reportedKundu et al 2021
Kiln temperature and treatment time not statedOIT 2020
Temperature not listed; Table 4-25 DT2A-1Barranco et al 2020
Specific treatment temperature not reported. Autho...Matthis et al 2019